|
The Catholic Church describes as its hierarchy its bishops, priests and deacons.〔(Catechism of the Catholic Church, 873 )〕〔"If any one saith, that, in the Catholic Church there is not a hierarchy by divine ordination instituted, consisting of bishops, priests, and ministers; let him be anathema" ((Council of Trent, session XXIII, canon VI on the sacrament of Order )).〕 In the ecclesiastical sense of the term, "hierarchy" commonly means the body of persons who exercise authority within a Christian church.〔(''1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica'', article "Hierarchy" )〕 In the Catholic Church, authority rests chiefly with the bishops,〔(__P2A.HTM Catechism of the Catholic Church, 874-896 )〕 while priests and deacons serve as their assistants, co-workers or helpers.〔(Catechism of the Catholic Church, 886, 888, 893, 939 )〕 Accordingly, "hierarchy of the Catholic Church" is also used to refer to bishops alone.〔("Hierarchy" in John Hardon, ''Modern Catholic Dictionary'' )〕 The Catholic Church comprised, as of 31 December 2011, 2,834 dioceses,〔Vatican, ''Annuario Pontificio'' 2012, p. 1142.〕 each overseen by a bishop. Dioceses are divided into individual communities called parishes, each staffed by one or more priests.〔Barry, p. 52〕 Priests may be assisted by deacons. All clergy, including deacons, priests, and bishops, may preach, teach, baptize, witness marriages and conduct funeral liturgies. Only priests and bishops can celebrate the sacraments of the Eucharist (though others may be ministers of Holy Communion),〔"The minister who is able to confect the sacrament of the Eucharist in the person of Christ is a validly ordained priest alone" ((__P38.HTM Code of Canon Law, canon 900 §1). ) While in the English language, the word "priest" usually means someone received into the second of the three holy orders (also called the presbyterate) but not into the highest, that of bishop, the Latin text underlying this statement uses the Latin term ''sacerdos'', which comprises both bishops and, in the common English sense, priests. To refer exclusively to priests in the more common English sense, Latin uses the word ''presbyter''. See (Dennis Chester Smolarski, ''The General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 1969-2002: A Commentary'' (Liturgical Press 2003 ISBN 9780814629369), p. 24 ).〕 Reconciliation (Penance), Confirmation (priests may administer this sacrament with prior ecclesiastical approval), and Anointing of the Sick.〔(Canon 42 ) Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 2008-03-09.〕〔(Canon 375 ), Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 2008-03-09.〕 Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders, which ordains someone into the clergy.〔Barry, p. 114.〕 ==Bishop== (詳細はbishops, who possess the fullness of the priesthood, are as a body (the College of Bishops) considered the successors of the Apostles〔(Roman Catholicism ) (at "Structure of the Church: The College of Bishops"). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved on 2012-03-15.〕 and are "constituted Pastors in the Church, to be the teachers of doctrine, the priests of sacred worship and the ministers of governance" and "represent the Church."〔(Instruction on the Ecclesial Vocation of Theologian, 19 ) Member of the Episcopal College by virtue of his sacramental ordination and hierarchical communion, the bishop represents his Church just as all the bishops, in union with the Pope, represent the Church universal in the bonds of peace, love, unity, and truth.〕 The Pope himself is a bishop (the bishop of Rome) and traditionally uses the title "Venerable Brother" when writing formally to another bishop. The typical role of a bishop is to provide pastoral governance for a diocese.〔 Bishops who fulfill this function are known as diocesan ordinaries, because they have what canon law calls ordinary (i.e. not delegated) authority for a diocese. These bishops may be known as hierarchs in the Eastern Catholic Churches. Other bishops may be appointed to assist ordinaries (auxiliary bishops and coadjutor bishops) or to carry out a function in a broader field of service to the Church, such as appointments as papal nuncios or as officials in the Roman Curia. Bishops of a country or region may form an episcopal conference and meet periodically to discuss current problems. Decisions in certain fields, notably liturgy, fall within the exclusive competence of these conferences. The decisions of the conferences are binding on the individual bishops only if agreed to by at least two-thirds of the membership and confirmed by the Holy See. Bishops are normally ordained to the episcopate by at least three other bishops,〔 though for validity only one is needed and a mandatum from the Holy See is required. Ordination to the episcopate is considered the completion of the sacrament of Holy Orders; even when a bishop retires from his active service, he remains a bishop, since the ontological effect of Holy Orders is permanent. On the other hand, titles such as archbishop or patriarch imply no ontological alteration, and existing bishops who rise to those offices do not require further ordination. Among bishops, various ranks are distinguished. The Pope, as the successor of Saint Peter, is the head of the universal Catholic Church and of the Latin Church. Some of the Eastern Catholic churches are headed by a patriarch, a major archbishop, or a metropolitan. Within the Latin Church too, dioceses located within one country, or a portion thereof, are normally grouped together as ecclesiastical provinces, in which the bishop of a particular see has the title of metropolitan archbishop, with some very limited authority for the other dioceses, which are known as suffragan sees. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hierarchy of the Catholic Church」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|